Bloomberg Q&A
I got phone interviewed with Bloomberg.
1)diff bet class and structure
2)syntax of copy constructor
3)why we need copy constructor?
4)why we need overloaded = operator?
5)signature of overloaded = operator for a class?
e.g. Myclass & operator =(const Myclass &)
6)why & used in return type of = operator ?
7)suppose :
class Myclass{
public:
Myclass(int a){m=a;};
private :
int m;
};
a)how will u create an array of objects of Myclass on stack?
b)how will u crete an array of objects on heap?
8)what precautions should be taken to write a class’s destructure?
9)what will u do to prevent others from creating more than one instances of ur class?
10)how will u make singleton thread safe?
10.1) what problem may occure with singleton at run time?
11)what is diff between “operator new” and “new” ?
12)what happens if new fails to allocate memory?
1. By default class has private access specifier and structure has public in C++.
2. MyClass(const MyClass &)
{
}
3. To create a copy of existing object.
4. By default = does a shallow copy so if your class has pointers to some other data type except inbuilt one then a shallow copy would be done and it may result in dangling pointers.
5. const MyClass& operator = (const MyClass &)
{
}
6. So that chaining can be possible like below
x = y = z = 10;
8. The class destructor should never throw an exception. A destructor can be called in 2 ways.One when an object goes out of scope and 2nd when stack unwinding happens.So if a destructor is called due to stack unwinding and it throws an exception then C++ unexpected is called which calles terminate which terminates the whole application.Nothing is destroyed not even local objects.
9. Make class Singleton.
10. Use Mutex to warp the code where instantiation happens.
11. Operator new allocates raw memory only.It is similar to malloc() in C.
new first allocates raw memory using operator new and then calls constructor for the class.
12. bad_alloc exception is thrown.
7a.
Myclass myclass[10]; will not work.This statement would give a compile time error as the class lacks a default constructor.
To construct the array on stack it would be done like below
int i[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
MyClass myClass[10] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
—> ” Myclass *myclass = new MyClass[10]; ” here new will allocate memory and creates object as well, by calling its default constructor. During compilation, You will encounter ‘No appropriate default constructor available’ error.
Rest of the code is also error.
The correct answer to 7b is:
MyClass* mc[10];
for (int i=0; i < 10; i++)
mc[i] = new MyClass(i); <--- it will call user-defined constructor here.
To point#8, it is necessary declare it as "virtual" also if the destructor is called by a base pointer:
class A {...};
class B: public A {...};
...
A* pA = new B();
...
delete pA;
If A destructor is not virtual only A destructor is called.
BOA questions
1) Type of stl containers
2) difference in composition, agregation,association.
3) Predicates
4) Deadlock and Starvation
5) Raised condition
6) Diff in Conversion ctr and explicit ctr
7) diff in has_map and map
8) explain hash_map and bucketing
9) virtaul inheritance, diamond problem
10) function adaptors
11) fucntors
12) function objects
13) in how many ways two classes A and B be related to each other.
14) diff between vector and dqueue
15) Repopulation of dqueue and its complexity.
16) types of iterators
17) how would you implement a map.
18) concept of immutability.
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